Navarre under the French influence of the dinasty of Champagne.

Translation of part of an article published in Spanish: “Numismática Medieval de Navarra I. Gaceta Numismática 185; Junio 2013: pp. 25-56” 

Navarre under the French influence of the dinasty of Champagne.

After Sancho VII's death without issue, Theobald IV of Champagne inherited the crown as Theobald I of Navarre (1234-1253), this monarch modified substantially the typology of the Navarrese coins, changes that Theobald II, Henry I and Jeanne I maintained. The main modifications are the disappearance of the typical Aragonese-Pamplonese bust of the monarch in the obverse at the age of Sancho Ramírez, is replaced by a big cross. This is an important and significant change because curiously, the cross is an element absent in the coins of Sancho VII, it doesn't even appear at the beginning of the legends, exceptional fact in the Middle Age numismatics in Christian kingdoms. The reverse shows a typical castle, figure which derives from a comb shaped figure that use to appear in the coins from Champagne at that time (Pl. It) (Champ-Peigne/Champagne). Under the castle, a waxing moon and a star in the coins of Theobald I, and without the star in the Theobald II ones. The first drawing and description of a denier of Theobald II is made by Moret (1665) and copied by Yanguas y Miranda (1840), none of these authors explained to whom of the Theobald kings belong this piece.
Barthelemy (1847) published the drawing of a coin with obverse legend "TEBALD'REX", instead of the most common one "TIOBALD'REX", and in its reverse "+DE NAVARE" instead of "+DE NAVARIE", this peculiar coin was attributed to Theobald I. Curiously, the first "E" letter in the legend of the obverse is curved and the second one straight. This description and drawing have been copied from author to author (Poey d'Avant, 1860; Heiss, 1869; La Tour, 1899; Matéu y Llopis, 1946; Marín de la Salud, 1975; Gil Farrés, 1976; Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980). Theobald I's denier has already been described and correctly attributed by Vidal Quadras, 1892 (n. 5438), although this data was overlooked. Leyda (1986) and Crusafont & Balaguer (1986) rediscover this coin (deniers and obols), which show the same legend as his heir, even the representation of the letter "A" is similar to the one used in previous reigns, and in the reverse, over a waxing moon there is a six-pointed star, this image was inherited from the previous coins of Sancho VII (Fig. 1; Pl. Ia). Ibáñez et al., 1988, studies the epigraphic variations in the coins of Theobald I, Theobald II and Jeanne I, and García Retes, 1987, published two obols of this typology found in the "Túnel de San Adrián" (Guipúzcoa), as well as a denier of Sancho Ramírez, another one of Alfonso I, two deniers and eight obols of Sancho VI, four deniers and five obols of Sancho VII and several Castillian coins.

Figure 1: Coins of Theobald I, denier (a) and obol (b).

As we previously mentioned Theobald II's deniers (Fig. 2; Pl. Ib) were known at the age of Moret, 1665, and Poey d'Avant, 1860, published the denier and the obol, these descriptions were followed by later authors (Heiss, 1869; Matéu y Llopis,  1946; Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980; Jusué & Ramírez, 1987; Ibáñez et al., 1991; Ibáñez, 1990, 1993/94)

Figure 2: Coins of Theobald II, denier (a) and obol (b).

            During Theobald II’s reign (1253-1270) frequent changes of dies occurred, using ancient coins as blanks instead. As a consequence, curious hybrids legends were produced, one of them was interpreted by Barthelemy (1847) as a coin belonging to Theobald I, and this opinion was held for over a century even if there wasn’t any other coin with these characteristics. Some of these coins show a double minting in the obverse: ...CVS (Lvdovicvs?) with the same reverse as the ones of Theobald II. A “piefort” of Henry I of Navarre was published in 1901 (Procès-verbaux de la S.F.N., p. 13) with legend “HENRIQ REX” (Pl. 1c). In 1264 the Navarrese “sanchete” weighted 1.13 g. and had a silver percentage of 31.2% (Carrasco, 1990), also at this time the emissions of obols ended, due to their low value (García Arancón, 1985).  At the same time, the monarch received the “monedaje” with the aim of keeping the silver content of the coins (this didn’t mean that as it was required, coins with the same weight and richness were minted).            Apart from the “sanchetes” (popular name of the coins of the Champañese monarchs), the Navarrese documents mentions accountings in French “tournois” deniers, Castillian “burgaleses”, “jaqueses” of Aragon and “morlaneses” used in “Ultrapuertos”, deniers of Poitiers and Castillian gold maravedises.            Jeanne I’s coins (1274-1305) stuck to the same typology (Fig. 3; Pl. Id), but the obverse legend were modified: +IOhAnAREGInA, and in the reverse: +DEnAVARRA, also changing the position of the castle in the reverse, which is now horizontal. Jeanne I’s denier (type I-I) was described by Poey d’Avant (1858), and compiled by Heiss (1869). Lately this description has been incorporated to the late bibliography. Jeanne I’s obol (type I-I’) was published by Crusafont & Balaguer (1986). The finding made in the convent of Santa Teresa de San Sebastián appeared a obol of Joanna in very good condition, along with a money Sancho VI and other Theobald II (Guereñu et al., 2009).

Figure 3: Coins of Jeanne I, denier (a) and obol (b).

French coin as the official currency in the Navarrese kingdom.

            Jeanne I’s coins have a silver amount and weight slightly higher than Theobald’s ones (4% in silver percentage and 8% in weight), so if we compare them to Sancho VII’s coins they have an increase of the 17% in weight and the 5% in silver amount. Until the marriage of Jeanne I from Navarre and the French king Philip IV (1285-1314) in 1284, the Navarrese governors were designated by the king of France Philip III (1270-1285) and the payments were made with French currency (based on the “tournois” denier), and although at the beginning the equivalence was a “sanchete” denier (of Jeanne I) = 1.11 “tournois” deniers, in 1291 both coins were matched in value, this fact provoked several problems because the silver percentage of the French coins was lower (Ibáñez, 1994). Sometimes people had to be forced to accept the foreing currency, as it happened in 1306, when two Jewish of Andosilla were sentenced because they refused to accept the French king’s Philip IV coin, and in 1346 the “bourgoise” denier was accepting money bound, under monetary fines (Ibáñez, 1998).   This equalization of both currencies led to the treasuring of the ancient and good quality coin (the “sanchetes” of Theobald II and Jeanne I). There is evidence of some hoards of these coins; one of them, was found in some unspecified place in Navarre, the coins were sold several times at several numismatic stores in different cities, so after sometime we had access to it when some of the most interesting pieces had already been lost, among them one obol of Jeanne I, maybe the first coin of this type known. Three “tournois” deniers, one of Philip II (1180-1223), and two Louis IX’s (1226-1270), and also a “noven” of Alfonso X of Castillia appeared among the pieces studied (several of Theobald II and Jeanne I) which were basic to make an epigraphic study (Figure 4) (Ibáñez et al., 1991).

Figure 4: Hoard of coins of Theobald II and Jeanne I, with some French and Castilian coins, and the first known document where the characteristics of the Navarre currency are indicated (Theobald II, May 31, 1264).

        From then onwards (about 1291) and during the reigns of Louis X of France (1314-1316) and I’s of Navarre (1305-1316), Philip V of France and I’s of Navarre (1316-1322), and CharlesIV of France and I’s of Navarre (1322-1328), as well as during the reing of Jeanne II and Philip d’Evreux, the official Navarrese currency was the French one, which was based on the “tournois” denier, but with several multiples in billon, silver and gold (as a consequence of the monetary changes occurred in France during Philip IV’s reign: little gold real, gold denier, gold chair, gold florin, gold mantelet, gold mutton, “tournois” groat, tournois denier and obol, white maille, third maille, double denier, Parisien denier and obol, hard burgoise denier, weak and obol bourgoise) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: French coins of Louis X of France and I’s of Navarre (a); Philip V of France and I’s of Navarre (b) and CharlesIV of France and I’s of Navarre (c).

            The lack of autochthonous currency at this epoch, favours the French issues, and  the Castillian ones in Navarre, as it occurred in the founding of Urdiain (Matéu y Llopis, 1973; Ibáñez, 1998): two tournois deniers, one of Louis IX and the other of Philip III or IV (1270-1314), as well as two Castillian deniers of Alfonso X and Fernando IV. The monetary discovery of Oyarzun (Guereñu et al., 1996; Ibáñez & Guereñu, 1996; Ibáñez et al., 1997) (near Navarre) shows one denier and three tournois obols of Philip III and a white maille of Charles IV. Also in San Adrian tunnel (García Retes, 1987) were found three tournois obols of Philip III and in the medieval fortress of  Mendikute in Guipuzcoa (Padilla, 1996) one tournois denier of Louis IX and one denier and one burgoise obol of Philip IV. Among the collection of medieval coins found in the cathedral of Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca), there were one Theobald II denier, three tournois deniers of Louis IX of France and three tournois deniers, eleven tournois obols, and six bourgoise obols of Philip IV, which appeared somewhere in this area (Ibáñez, 1998).

Plate I.-

 t₁ :Provins Coin of the Count Theobald II of Champagne (1102-1152); on the reverse a comb and above the letter "T" between two circles. t₂: Provins currency of Theobald IV of Champagne (1201-1253) and I of Navarre (1234-1253). On the reverse, a castle with three towers on a comb.

a: Denier and obol of Theobald I of Navarre; b: Denier and obol of Theobald II of Navarre; c: Denier of Henry I of Navarre; d: Denier and obol of Jeanne I of Navarre.

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RUEDA, M. & C. RUEDA, 1989 (1992).

La moneda medieval castellana: Problemática yy propuesta de método de estudio. III Congr. Arq. Medieval Española I: 43-68 pp.

SAN PÍO Y ANSÓN, A., 1925.

Algunas consideraciones relativas a la moneda labrada en Aragón. Univ. Zaragoza: 86 pp.

SANCHEZ ALBORNOZ, C., 1928.

La primitiva organización monetaria de León y Castilla. An. de Hª  del Derecho Español 5: 301-345 pp.

THOMSEN, R., 1956.

Ensayo de sistematización de las monedas navarras y aragonesas de los siglos XI y XII. Numisma 6(20): 43-77.

UBIETO, A., 1951.

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UBIETO, A., 1952.

Documentos para el estudio de la numismática navarro aragonesa medieval (2ª serie). Caesaraugusta 1: 85-102.

UBIETO, A., 1954.

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UBIETO, A., 1955.

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Las monedas de Navara. Num. Hispan. 5: 89-94.

UBIETO, A., 1958.

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¿Una moneda conmemorativa del siglo XI?. Caesaraugusta 9/12: 185-187.

VIDAL QUADRAS, M., 1892.

Catálogo de la colección de monedas y medallas de Manuel Vidal Quadras y Ramón de Barcelona. Vol. II. Barcelona: 444 pp. + 47 lám.

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Tesoros del Gabinete Numismático: Las 100 mejores piezas del monetario del Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Madrid. Ed. Mº  Educación y Cultura: 214 pp.

YANGUAS Y MIRANDA, J., 1840.

 Diccionario de Antigüedades del Reino de Navarra II. Pamplona: 784 pp.

ZAMANILLO, M.A., 1988.

Circulación monetaria y sistemas de pago en Navarra en los siglos X a XIII. I Congr. General Hª Navarra 3. Príncipe de Viana Anejo 8: 239-245.

First Navarrese issues.

Translation of part of an article published in Spanish: “Numismática Medieval de Navarra I. Gaceta Numismática 185; Junio 2013: pp. 25-56” 

According to traditional hypothesis, the Aragonese coins of Sancho Ramírez, derive from the previous emissions of the Pamplonese kingdom. If we consider the historical facts, it is more logic to propose the opposite idea, that is, the Navarrese coins were an heritage of the Aragonese ones, which were minted by the Aragonese-Pamplonese kings.

The first Navarrese emissions, began about 1134 simultaneously to the restauration of the Navarrese dinasty with the king García IV (we follow the traditional numerals for the Navarrese kings, as Garcia III of Najera; García IV, the restorer...). At that moment the controversial items with legend NAIARA (Fig. 1; Pl. Ia) (Ibáñez, 1992, 1993, 1994), were minted, as well as the ones that have the legend ARAGON (Fig. 2; Pl. Ib). Apparently, it is not logic that the name Aragon appears in a coin of García IV, but it is equally illogic that García IV was named "Rex Garsia Aragonensis" in a document of Alfonso VII (Ibáñez, 1994) dated on 4^th  July 1144, this document was written due to the marriage between the Navarrese king and the Emperor's illegitimate daughter. The name Aragon in one coin of García IV could be understood as an inercial effect of the first emissions, as it also happened with the first royal diplomas of Ramiro II of Aragon, who was called "King of Aragon and Pamplona". This title, previously mentioned, appears in a document from 1144 and it can be a mistake of the clerk or it could have an unknown intention. We have to bear in mind that sometimes the documents and the coins reflect the aims (sometimes circunstancial facts) and not the historical reality.  It is significant the similarity between the face in a coin (Pl. Ie2) and the one that appears in the problematic coin with legend IMPERATOR/NAIARA (Ibañez, 1993). The dies in both coins must have been opened by the same monetary master, who found inspiration in coins of Alfonso I "the Fighter". The other types of García IV (Pl. Ic-f) are also very unusual pieces, this fact can make us think that the emissions of Garcia IV were local and scarce. Moret (1665) described the first type (Pl. 1d), and he reproduced a drawing sent by Lastanosa who attributed it to García IV; Yanguas y Miranda (1840) shared this opinion, rerpoducing this figure. On the other hand, the French authors (Poey d'Avant, 1860, Heiss, 1869, ...) dident know this monetary type, and in fact it doesn't appear in the numismatic manuals (Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980; Crusafont, 1992; Jusué & Ramírez, 1987, …).

Figure 1.- Coins with legend “NAIARA”.

Figure 2.- Coin with legend “Aragon”, and a document of Alfonso VII, where García IV was named "Rex Garsia Aragonensis".

          Type of Pl. 1f, (Fig. 3) shows in its reverse a big cross standing on five triangles, geometrical figure that appears between two opposite faces in the obverse of a coin of Alfonso VII of Castillia-Leon, the legend in the reverse is IMPERATOR (Fig. 4). So this way similarities among several emission of Garcia IV of Navarre and the emperor arose again (it hapens with the coins with legend NAIARA). This type was already known by  Poey d'Avant (1860), Heiss (1869) and Caron (1882/84) who attibute them to Garcia IV, as many latter authors did (Mateu y Llopis, 1946, Beltrán, 1951, Amorós, 1954, Gil Farrés, 1955, 1976, Ubieto, 1956, Thomsen, 1956, Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980, Jusué & Ramirez, 1987, Ibáñez, 1990, 1993/94, Bergua et al., 1991, Crusafont, 1992).

Figure 3.- Coin with a big cross standing on five triangles.

Figure 4.- Coins of Alfonso VII of Castillia-Leon with legend in the reverse “IMPERATOR”.

A photograph of a coin type with the legend “Aragon” (Fig. 2) from the monetary of the Museum of Navarra, was published by Beltran (1951) and Lacarra (1972) and this is the picture this that appears in many latter publications (Amorós, 1954; Gil Farrés, 1955; Thomsen, 1956; Ubieto, 1956; Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980).  Ibáñez et al., 1991 describes the type of Pl. Ie (Fig. 5) and several variants, classified in detail later works (Ibáñez, 1993, 1994).

Figure 5.- Coin of Garcia IV of Navarre.

Navarrese coins of García IV, show again the most characteristic types of the previous and prestigeous Aragonese emissions of Sancho V Ramírez, the face in the obverse and the called "cruciferous tree" in the reverse, which also appears in some rare coins of the first  independent Portuguese monarch Alfonso I (1128-1185). There is a great similarity between Navarre and Castillia, the rarity and great diversity of pieces during the first reign (Garcia IV in Navarre and Alfonso VII in Castillia-Leon) versus the relative abundance and homogeneity in latter reigns.

First emissions of Sancho VI (1150-1194) are the types Pl. IIa and Pl. IIb (Figs. 6 & 7). The first one preserves the main characteristics of the Aragonese issues, but with a similar bust of his predecessor, Garcia IV (Fig. 8). This monetary kind has been attributed to several monarchs (such as Sancho IV and Sancho V) as it was previously remarked. With reference to the second piece, described by Amoros (1954), who attributed it to Sancho VI, the coin (of the Numismatic Cabinet of Catalunia) is damaged and this fact difficulted the right interpretation of the obverse legend. A recent discovery of a second piece of this type in the Museum of Navarre (Ibáñez, 1992) enabled a correct interpretation: SANCIVREX. Athough Beltran (1951) attributed this piece to Sancho VI, it has generaly been attributed to Sancho V Ramírez (Gil Farrés, 1955, 1976; Crusafont & Balaguer, 1986; Crusafont, 1991; Balaguer & Puig, 1995) and even to the Navarrese earl Sancho Sánchez, because Amoros' interpretation didn’t include the word "REX" in the obverse (Ibáñez et al., 1991). Due to the previously mentioned reasons, the items that appears the term "Navarra" must be from 1134 onwards.

Figure 6.- First emission of Sancho VI (1150-1194) with horizontal legend on the reverse.

Figure 7.- Emission of Sancho VI.

Figure 8.- Similarities between the busts of García IV (a) and the first issues of Sancho VI, with horizontal legend on the reverse (b).

After these first and scarce emissions, Sancho VI (1150-1194) minted massively a new type of deniers and obols, first with a bust with a tear shaped eye, and in the reverse six-pointed stars in both sides of the cross (Pl. IIc₁ & c₂, Fig. 9c₁ & c₂), later, a more rough face, with a rounded eye and five-pointed stars (Pl. IId₁ & d₂, Fig. 9d₁ & d₂). Athough the first issues (Fig. 6) have a silver content "cuaternal" (33.3% of silver), the following ones (Fig. 9c & d) have a lower silver amount, at about 30% (Ibáñez, 1998). As it happened at the age of Sancho V Ramírez, it occurred again during Sancho VI's reign; the boost given to the founding of new villages, which were repopulated by Franc burgoises, required the massive use of coins, important amount of this currency were minted, using an only type. The political and monetary stability, linked to the royal authority favours the existence of a only monetary type, which was under the royal control, on the other hand, many minting concessions and the proliferation of monetary types reflect a royal weakness. In such cases, the monetary types can be very rare because they are consequence of puntual and short emissions.

Figure 9.- Coins of Sancho VI of Navarre.

These coins were attributed by Poey d'Avant (1860) to Sancho VI and later by Heiss (1869) to Sancho IV. Whereas Boudeau (1913), Beltrán (1951) and Amorós (1954) stuck to the Poey d'Avant's opinion, other Hispanic authors (Vidal Quadras, 1892; Gil Farrés, 1955; Mateu y Llopis, 1955 & Ubieto, 1956) followed Heiss' (op. cit.). Recently (Crusafont & Balaguer, 1986; Crusafont, 1992; Ibáñez et al., 1991 & Ibáñez, 1993) the attribution to Sancho VI has been accepted, even in some works and general catalogues (Álvarez Burgos et al., 1980; Jusué & Ramírez, 1987) Heiss' oppinion prevails.

With regards to the coins of Sancho VII (Pl. III; Fig. 10), already drawn by Moret (1665) and Yanguas y Miranda (1840), attributed to Sancho VII, a wider agreement has been reached. Pieces with legends NAVARRE (Pl. IIIa & Fig. 10a) and NAVARRORVM (Pl. IIIb & Fig. 10b) have been attributed by Poey d'Avant (1860, Heiss (1869), Caron (1882/84), Boudeau (1913), Mateu y Llopis (1946, 1955), and the latter authors to Sancho VII. These coins keep a silver proportion around the 30% even if they are a bit smaller in size and weight, so between Sancho VI and VII's coins a loss of 9% in the real silver content by coin takes place (Ibáñez, 1998).

Figure 10.- Coins of Sancho VII of Navarre and document dated 1198, where "70,000 sueldos de sanchetes" are mentioned.

Plate I: Coins of Garcia IV of Navarre.

Plate II: Coins of Sancho VI of Navarre.

Plate III: Coins of Sancho VII of Navarre (a & b).

r₁ and r₂: Deniers of Raymond V & VI, Counts of Toulouse (1148-1194-1222); r₃: English medieval jetton.

First Aragonese and Pamplonese emissions.

First Aragonese and Pamplonese emissions.

Translation of part of  an article published in Spanish: “Numismática Medieval de Navarra I. Gaceta Numismática 185; Junio 2013: pp. 25-56” 

According to documents, coins were well known elements before the XI^th century, even if the first local issues appeared at the late quarter of this century. Previously, the silver Andalusi coin was normally used (some times by weight). The dirhems, commonly named in christian documents as "argenteos", were found at random in Navarrese settings, also some pieces of the northern christian kingdoms were occasionaly introduced by pilgrims who transited  St. Iacob Route. The hispanic dirhems, as well as the muslims gold dinars (morabetinos), would be used long after local currency was available. The silver and gold coins were introduced by commercial relations and the payment of "parias". Sometimes, although the kingdom had its own currency, in rural areas the exchange of goods was a day to day practice (Fig. 1).

Fig.1.- Treasure of muslims dírhems of San Andrés de Ordoiz (Estella, Navarre, Spain).

Among Sancho Ramirez's coins we can find two different types; the first one presents an obverse where there is a face with a teared eye shape, the hair is resolved using wavy lines, and at the base of the neck there are three dotted lines that represent the beginning of the clothing or mail collar (Fig. 2; Pl. Ib,b’). It is a rather unusual piece, in the reverse it shows a cross on a stand and legend ARAGONENSI in deniers and ARAGONENSIS in obols, being this a coin type  of which few samples are known.

Fig. 2.- Denier and obol of Sancho V Ramírez, with leyend ARAGONENSI(S).

The most common type, according to the terminology used in contemporany documents, called "jaques", shows in the obverse a face looking to the right or left, and in the reverse there is a cross standing on a long pedestal with simetrical side ornaments, this figure has been interpreted as a cruciferous tree.

Even if the most usual legend is ARAGON (figs. 3; Pl. Ic-j), there is also a rare variant with legend MONSON (Fig. 4; Pl. Il) and an other one with legend IACCA (Fig. 5; Pl. Ik). This last coin has been dated from the time when the local privileges were given to Jaca, although this coin was probably minted at a later age, because it is a rude imitation of a tardive emission. These last ones could have been minted between 1076 and 1077. According to the density of ornaments in the reverse, and the variants of the faces, six different kinds with legend “Aragon” have been identified, including several subtypes both deniers and obols (semideniers), the latest ones show a different pattern in the reverse, with a semicircular legend instead of a horizontal one.

Fig. 3- Deniers and obols of Sancho V Ramírez, with leyend ARAGON.

Fig.4.- Denier of Sancho V Ramírez, with leyend MONSON.

Fig. 5.- Denier of Sancho V Ramírez, with leyend IACCA.

The silver proportion in the first issues of Sancho V Ramírez (Pl. Ic, d) is high, the 50 per cent is silver and the rest is copper, during his reign this proportion decreased to a 33.3 % ("cuaternal" denier, this is four silver deniers in 12). The origen of this great amount of silver, needed to produce these important emissions, might have been this metal reservoir obtained through the payments of the "parias", and also through the explotation of the silver mines in Bielsa (Huesca). The gold percentage as traze elements in the silver/copper of these first issues, appears in important amount, from 2.5 to 7.3 parts per thousand, ciphers these, that reach values from 7 to 16 parts per thousand if we only consider the gold concentration exclusively refered to the amount of silver that the coin contain (we presume that the gold would "pollute" the silver but not the copper). These amounts are slightly higher than the ones appeared in later coins, such as Alfonso XI of Leon’s deniers (1188-1230) which have a gold concentration of a maximum of one per thousand. During Sancho V Ramírez’ reign, we can find counterfeit coins, made in copper covered with a layer of a mixture of mercury and silver.

            It remains a gold enigmatic piece, a "mancuso" of Sancho V Ramirez, first described in 1958 by Pio Beltran (Fig. 6; Pl. Ia). We can assume that emissions from gold coins made ​​at this time, would be imitation, in types and weights, the Muslim gold coin in circulation, but it is a coin of similar size to the silver money. Changes the obverse legend, Pio Beltran  interpreted as SANCI  (I) N (OST) RI M (AN) C (USUS), but in reality is "+ SA NCINDIE I", being difficult to interpret the last letters of the legend. This piece, weighing 1.95 grams was offered to the National Archaeological Museum, but Gil Farres (1976) considered it a forgery:.

 “Un supuesto Mancuso, “descubierto” recientemente, y dado a conocer en una revista española es falso… Así consta en el Informe que nos solicitó la superioridad. Esta calificación también se ha incluido en el Rapport de Edad Media que nos encargó la Comisión Internacional de Numismática para el Congreso Internacional de 1973, celebrado en Nueva York. 

            Recently, a second specimen, with the same obverse and reverse dies, has appeared, and we can not certify its authenticity, in the absence of more information.

Fig. 6.- Gold “Mancuso” of Sancho V Ramírez.

The first emissions of the king to be Peter I, were made during his father's reign, such as a result of a granting that could be considered as feudal, and probably also extended to his stepbrother Alfonso, future Alfonso I the "Fighter". These coins are mentioned in documents in the year 1086, but they could have been minted the previous year, when Peter I was named king of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, these first coins are the scarce types (Fig. 7; Pl. IIa), that after Monzon's conquest in 1089, were minted in bigger amounts taking the name of the village. Either the face and the figure in the reverse are similar to a type of Sancho V Ramírez, minted more frecuently with legend Aragon (Plate I,i) and also with legend Monson (Fig. 8; Pl. IIb). Because of this, the mentioned coins were made at this age (about 1086, the ones with legend Aragon, and in 1089 the ones minted in Monzón).

Recently, in a treasure found in Zafranales (Fraga, Huesca), which contained coins of Sancho V Ramírez, one coin of Peter I with legend PETRVS SANCIVSREX appeared and was probably minted before 1094 (Fig. 9; Pl. IIc).

Fig. 7.- Denier of Pedro I, with leyend PETRVSSANCII/ARAGON.

Fig. 8.- Denier of Pedro I, with leyend PETRVSSANCII/MONSON.

Fig. 9.- Denier of Pedro I, with leyend PETRVSSANCIVSREX/ARAGON.

At the beginning of Peter I’s reign (1094-1104) coins were scarcely issued (Fig. 10; Pl. IId & d') similar in typology to the last "jaqueses" deniers of Sancho V Ramírez. One coin of this characteristics appeared in a treasure of coins of Sancho Ramírez and Alfonso VI. Soon this typology was abandoned and a new one began, showing modifications, both in the design of the royal face (with a typical bun), and in the reverse figure (Fig. 11; Pl. IIe-f). In these abundant emissions (deniers, and obols followed the same typology as deniers). We can find two variants, although typologicaly similar, they show great differences in the silver proportion. The first emission are "ternales", this is, 3 silver deniers in 12 (25% in silver), the next ones, quite similar, are different, because they have a dot in front of the face and two dots or signals in both sides of the reverse cross. This minting (type P-III.2) has got less weight and value, so this reflects an important monetary devaluation in a short period of time, of about 30 years  since the first emissions of Sancho V Ramírez (aproximately 77% taking into account the weight and silver proportion loss).

Fig. 10.- Denier and obol of Pedro I, with leyend PETRVSREX/ARAGON.

Fig. 11.- Denier of Pedro I, with “bun”. Leyend PETRVSREX/ARAGON.

When Alfonso I (1104-1134) reached the crown, an improvement in the coins took place, and then two new types were minted (deniers and obols), the first kind following a model established by Sancho V Ramírez, in whose obverse there is a big cross on a stand and legend "Aragonensis" (figs. 12; Pl. IIIa-d). Coins of this type are commonly found in places such as Monte Cantabria and San Adrian tunnel. The second sort of coins (Fig. 13; Pl. IIIe) followed the model established by Peter I (type P-III), increasing the amount of silver up to 20% and the weight up to 39%. This improvement in Alfonso I's emissions, justifies the frecuent reference in documents to these coins as "moneta nova". On the contrary, between 1109 and 1114, Alfonso I minted in Toledo, some deniers with low silver percentage, in whose obverse there is a face with no ornaments and legend ANFVSREX, and in the reverse, there is a cross with stars in the opposite cuadrants (between the cross arms) and legend TOLECTI at the beginning and later TOLLETA. These coins, named "pepiones" were originally minted by Alfonso I "the Fighter", keeping the same typology and low silver proportion for over a century and a half. There are other pieces attributed to Alfonso I produced in Castillian mints that sometimes lacked in minting mark or legend, fact this, that often made their attibution a bit uncertain, despite several proposals made in the 50's.

Fig. 12.- Deniers and obol of Alfonso I, with leyend ARAGONENSIS.

Fig. 13.- Denier and obol of Alfonso I, with leyend ARAGON.

The discovery of a type of denier in the Zafranales treasure (Pl. IIIa), may make us think that also Alfonso could have minted during his brother's, Peter I,  reign, as the last one did during their father Sancho Ramírez' life. Alfonso's early emissions, that appear in royal documents since 1096 could be the coins of the type of Zafranales,  this could explain the absence of this monetary type in Peter I's emissions.

Coins of the Aragonese dinasty are know from ancient times, the jaquese deniers of Sancho V Ramírez were drawn and commented, in the XVII^th century, by Lastanosa (1681) and Moret (1665). However, the first attributed both the coins to the Pamplonese king Sancho Abarca. Heiss described the piece with legend IACCA (Fig. 5; Plate. I-k) and three different types of deniers and obols, with legend ARAGON. San Pío y Ansón (1926), described 38 deniers, among which the type with legend ARAGONENSI, (whose obol has been recently published), and four different sorts of obols. Among the pieces preserved in private and public collections, is highly remarkable the great variety of dies. With reference to Peter I's coins, we can distinguish the issues made during Sancho Ramírez' lifetime, in this case the legend was PETRVSSANCII, but with no REX title, and with the mint named ARAGON and MONSON (Pl. IIa, b), there is also a new type (Fig. 9; Pl. IIc) with legend PETRVSSANCIVS REX, whose interpretation would be: "Peter (son) of the king Sancho", this coin would be part of an early emission. Heiss described, both in deniers as well as in obols, pieces with legend PETRVS REX and the face of the type of Sancho Ramírez, with reverse legend ARAGON. A denier of the first type recently appeared as part of a treasure of coins of Sancho Ramírez, the second type, with leyend “MONSON” was described by Vidal Quadras (1892), with the number 5272. The most common type of deniers and obols of Peter I , is a later type (Fig. 11; Pl. IIe-f) . The face style changes, and shows a typical bun, already described by Heiss and recorded in the later bibliographies. Sometimes, several types of Sancho Ramirez coins have been described, where in the reverse, and always in damaged pieces the cross of the reverse is substitued by a letter "P", and interpred as a mention to Peter I, which has led to some confussion, since this letter "P" doesn't really exist and is a bad interpretation of a damaged cross. Coins of Alfonso I, both with legend ARAGON (Fig. 13; Pl. IIIe), as well as ARAGONENSIS (Fig. 12; Pl. IIIa-d) already recopiled by Lastanosa, were later described and correctly atributed to Alfonso I  by Heiss, and some new variants interpreted by Vidal Quadras (numbers 5286-5287^bis). The obols belonging to the second type have been recently described (Pl. IIId’).

Plate I.- Coins of Sancho V Ramirez of Aragon & Pamplona. 

Plate II.- Coins of Pedro I of Aragon & Pamplona. 

Plate III.- Coins of Alfonso I of Aragon & Pamplona.