Imitations of Greek, Roman and Iberian coins in
Gaul: Imitation of denarius "Baskunes" in Belgic Gaul.
Translation of an article published in Spanish: “El Eco Filatélico y Numismático”
(June 2007). Vol.62 (n. 1153): pp.60-61 & Ibid. (July-August 2007), Vol. 62 (n. 1154): pp. 56-58.
(June 2007). Vol.62 (n. 1153): pp.60-61 & Ibid. (July-August 2007), Vol. 62 (n. 1154): pp. 56-58.
The term "Keltoi", or
"Celtic" in Greek, first appears in the sixth century BC to refer to
people living north of the Greek colony of Marseille, and the Romans designated
with the name "Gauls" of a league to Celtic peoples who lived on the
continent.
The first Celtic coins appeared in
the second century before our era(1), and copied the figures
appearing in the Macedonian gold coins of Philip II and Alexander the Great
(382-336-323 AD) and probably brought in as payment on services to Gallic
mercenaries returning to their land of origin (Figure 1).
Figure 1 .- Prototype staters of Philip II of Macedon (359-336 BC) and imitations of Ambiani gold, second century BC |
In a second step, as the probable
result of trade with the Romans, the Gauls made their cash in silver pattern,
based on the denarius of Rome, which in many areas replaced the former gold
coin from the second half of century BC. During this time, a new type of lower
monetary value appeared, the "Potin", coin cast in molds with an alloy
of copper, lead and tin (Figure 2).
Finally bronze coins arose in late period in Gaul (except in Narbonne, where it
already existed, as in the Iberian Peninsula, due to Roman influence) to the
years 70-60 BC, and in the northwest of the Gaul (Gaul Belgium many coins in
various sanctuaries were minted.
In many cases, other currencies such
as the Massaliote drachma and Roman denarii were imitated (Figure 3), developed a varied typology which includes portraits,
mythological figures and monsters and animals dominated by the horse and wild
boar. Among the Celts of the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of the continent
there is a noticeable stylistic difference, while the first reliably reflect
the themes represented in the strictest of Greco-Roman artistic tradition,
clearly indicating the name of the mint, the Celtic coins of the rest of Europe
developed a personal style, traditionally described as "barbarian
art", and which is but an abstract art very similar to that developed in
the twentieth century, moreover, these currencies do not normally carry
epigraphic information to identify the place of production.
In this article we focus on one of
the Celtic peoples of Belgian Gaul, the tribe of the "Ambiani", which
we can locate in the region surrounding the current village of Amiens in
northern France. In this area were issued two series of coins that have unique
characteristics, the first type and size imitates the Iberian denarius
"Baskunes", although in this case the material used in its manufacture
is bronze, not silver, and the second series mimics the previous currency
iconography on the reverse, but substantially changed the obverse.
The question arises, how came the
denarii "Baskunes" to this remote region of Belgian Gaul?, And why
were imitated precisely these dinars?. But before attempting to answer these
questions, we briefly analyze the characteristics of the Iberian mint of
"Baskunes”.
For many years, researchers
(linguists, numismatists and historians) have assumed that the term
"Barskunes / Baskunes" is clearly identified as "Basques"
who inhabited the area around Pamplona, a deduction which seems evident from
the phonetic similarity between terms. But in recent years, things have been
complicated somewhat due to an interesting discovery in the Iberian language(2),
that the suffix "-s" is not as was thought a nominative plural of an
ethnic group, but the ablative singular of a toponymyc name!. Accordingly, the
meaning of "Barskunes" becomes "to Barsku. That is, the mint or
people who issued these coins would be called "Barsku" (or at a later
Basku). This new interpretation presents us with two new issues, the first coin
bearing the name can be interpreted as "for use by Barsku" or
"made for Barsku" so we could think of traveling craftsmen,
knowledgeable of the technology manufacture of coins, which would move through
the area offering their services to the people of the area. These are likely
not very large emissions, recruited more as a sign of prestige than as a
genuine financial need, and this subtle way, little by little would be
introduced in the habit of using the currency in pre-Roman populations that had
never before used. This interpretation, which at the moment is a mere
hypothesis, would explain the enormous similarities that occasionally we can
find in images of different Iberian mints, since they are the same artesans who
manufacture the coins for several different populations. The second question is
that "Barskunes" would be a Celtic term to designate the people of
"Barsku" (subsequently lost the letter "r"), possibly of
Basque ethnic. When we speak in the Basque language now, in the original
language should say "Euskara", ie that the term "Basque" is
not "Basque", is "Euskara". The same may have happened more
than two millennia ago, and could well be the Celtic border who coined this
term (Basku-Basque) to denote a village inhabited by people of ethnic Basques
who had not developed the writing. In fact the first explicit reference to the
Basques is quite late and goes back to 76 BC in a quotation from Livio (XCI)
referred to Sertorian wars. The other classical sources about the Basques are
from a later period (Pliny, Strabo, Ptolemy .....). Besides the traditional
location of the mint "Baskunes" in the vicinity of Pamplona today,
other locations have been proposed as Rocaforte-Sangüesa (Canto, 1997), based
on the name that the Arabs gave to this area, "Baskunsa "(very
similar to the name of the mentioned city that issued coins).
Another surprising fact is the vast
amount of silver denarii issued in the
mint "Baskunes" in a period of less than a century, since they began
to be manufactured, probably starting in the fall of Numancia (133 BC) until
the end of indigenous emissions, after the battle of Munda (45 BC). This fact
is justified only in a context of almost continuous war situation, where it was
necessary to pay troops of indigenous mercenaries as allies against other
peoples Celtiberian, and also in the civil wars that the Romans themselves
staged in the Iberian Peninsula.
Among the coins minted in Gaul by
the Celtic peoples, we find some curious bronze imitations of the denarius of
the mint of "Baskunes", which have been found in excavations in some
sanctuaries in northern France (as in that of Digeon). The first author to
describe these coins is E. Lambert in 1864, who published a picture of this
coin (Plate VIII, n. 18), but considers that it is an Iberian currency, and as
such it has been transmitted in the literature until well into the twentieth
century.
Figure 4 .- Denarii of the mint "Baskunes. |
It is assumed that the first silver
coins "Baskunes" began to be minted in the second half of the second
century before our era, these early pieces were of good style (Figure 4a,b) and continued to be made to
reach the copious emission of the first third of the first century BC, related
with Sertorian wars (83 - 72 BC), where there are frequent little treasures of
deniers that include coins of the mints of Baskunes, Sekobirikes and Turiasu
(such as cave Usategi in Ataun, Gipuzkoa, N. Spain) . These late coinages have
a more degenerate style, where for example the obverse bust in Baskunes denar
has a large nose, and beard is resolved with a few heavy points (Figure 4c). This increase in the size of
the nose is typical when the dies wear out and are manually retouched to
prolong life. It is precisely one of these late emissions that the Celts used
as a model of the Ambiani in northern Gaul (Figure
5).
Figure 5 .- Ambiani Celts imitations: "IMONIN bronzes". |
The two types of emissions that copy
the Iberic coin of Baskunes are very different and give us valuable clues about
the manufacturing techniques used. In the first case (3), the
perfect similarity, both obverse and reverse, among the bronzes
"IMONIN" and its prototype denarii "Baskunes" leads us to
think that these Iberian denarii could serve as a model or "Patriz" (Figure 5). From its own coins (denarii
Baskunes) could be obtained the Matriz, possibly reproducing the dies in wax,
surrounding them with clay to form the mold, which is then filled in with
molten bronze, using the technique of lost wax used in antiquity. Some small
changes were introduced in the dies, as
on the obverse: adding front of his face, a small snake or dragon, and below a
circle inscribed with a point (which would be the Iberian syllable
"Ku") by contrast in the legend on the reverse, the letter Iberian
"Ku" lost its central point and became the Latin letter
"O". Also on the back, amending the rider's head, making it more by
highlighting the curious procedure, by a point, which becomes the eye, from
which emerges a spiral line, placing in the top four small peaks which simulate
hair of the head. Also changes the horse's tail and the last two letters of the
Iberian legend "E" and "S" are converted to "I"
and "N". All these changes could be easily added after obtaining the
negative image (“Incusa”) into a soft material (wax or clay) from an original
coin "Baskunes.
The second issue is completely
different and was conducted with new dies, completely transforming the front,
replacing the bust by a drawing a couple of “torqueses” in a central position
and under them a necklace, topped with animal heads, above, figures of
appearance plant and along the bottom, a series of semicircles with an interior
point.. On the reverse remains the figure of the rider with his sword, though
heavily modified, in this case appears the text "IMONO" where the
letters "O" have the central point of the syllabic letter
"Ku", as appears on the denarius Baskunes, but curiously not
represented in the previous emission. This same symbol is also engraved on the
back of the horse. In a coin (Figure 6d)
a small figure under the horse appears, and there seems to be a bird head,
which is also represented in some of the Celts emissions.
These two types of coins did not
appear together, and occur in different geographical areas, while the first,
the close imitation of the denarius Baskunes, is located north in the
Department of the Somme in the Picardy (Digeon shrine in southwestern Amiens),
the second type, termed "homotypia of contiguity" (4),
occurs further south, in the department of "Seine-Maritime (Rouen
findings) and according to this, it would be a further issue that the first
imitation copies. But one fact to consider is the conservation in these pieces
(IMONO bronzes) of the Iberian syllabic letter "ku" in the legend on
the reverse, which had disappeared in the previous type (IMONIN bronzes). This
fact allows us to raise another hypothesis, the denarius "Baskunes"
was imitated at the same time in two areas close independently and using
different techniques in the first case (IMONIN) using deniers themselves as
punches to make the stamps, and the second (IMONO) opening new dies, which
allowed the operation to introduce major changes in the grounds, preserving in
this case only the figure of the reverse of the Baskunes denarius.
These are not the only issues where
horsemen are in the currencies issued by the Celts of Belgian Gaul, we also see
the rider carrying a "falx" sickle of war or similar to the Iberian
emissions of mints from "Oilaunikos "and" Umanbaate "(Figure 7), the latter also located in
Basque territory, although in this case we can not prove that emissions are
copied to these Iberian mints.
Figure 7 .- a: Bronze Ambiani with rider wearing the falx. b: Aes of the mint Umanbaate ( |
As for the dating of the imitations of Baskunes
denarius, the most relevant data come from the excavations of the sanctuary
Digeon (Somme), where it appeared several pieces of the first type in an
archaeological context (along with brooches and Roman coins) (5)
that permit dating for these emissions, between 40 and 70 of our era, ie a
century after it ceased production of the Iberian currency "Baskunes"
(in 45 BC) and that the Gaul had been completely conquered by Caesar (51 BC). Paradoxically, while the Celts were
still coining this imitation of Iberian
coinage, near the place of the prototype (Baskunes), numerous Roman Cascantvm
ases were issued in the time of Emperor Tiberius. The Ambiani imitations were manufactured
probably during the reign of the emperors Claudius and Nero!.
It may surprise the different timing of the
denarii Baskunes (first century BC) and his gallic imitations (first century
AD), but for example we saw previously how the Greek gold stater of Philip II
and Alexander the Great, were imitated by Ambiani no less than two centuries
later!.
(1) Traditionally been considered the first gold gallic coins were produced in the third century BC, but recently has been delayed this timeline based on metrological studies.
(2)
VILLAR, F. (1995). Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana. Univ. Salamanca,
276 pp.
(3) IBÁÑEZ, M., 1993. Relations entre
(4) DELESTRÉE, L.P.,
1996. Monnayages et peuples gaulois
du Nord-Ouest. Ed. Errance. Paris :
144 pp.
(5) DELPLACE, Ch. , 1987.
Monnaies du sanctuaire de Digeon (Somme ). En: Monnaies
gauloises découvertes en fouilles. Dossier de Protohistoire 1: 125-137.